Assignment On The Fundamental Rights

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights All democratic constitutions provide for the guarantee of certain rights, which are inviolable and beyond the reach of the state. Rights arise from very social nature of man and which are the external conditions necessary for the greatest possible development of the capacities of the personality. Fundamental Rights are sacro sanct and the supporting pillars of democracy as a form of government and as a way of life. . Democracy and inviolable fundamental rights go together. In this assignment I would like to elaborate the Fundamental Rights under the Constitution of India. Constitutionalism is an achievement of the modern world. The following are the salient features of Indian Constitution. The longest written constitution in the world The idea of popular sovereignty Supremacy of the constitution Provision for Fundamental Rights Provision for Directive Principles of State Policy Provides Parliamentary system of Government Provision for secularism Encouraging Socialistic pattern of so ciety Sovereign Democratic Republic Provision for Emergency Provides single citizenship Provision for single integrated judiciary Federalism The constitution of India has a wonderful preamble. The preamble is an introduction to a Constitution. It proclaims the source, objectives and date of adoption of the constitution. The preamble of the Indian constitution reads as follows: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢JUSTICE†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, social, economic and political; †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢LIBERTY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢EQUALITY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of status and of opportunity; And to promote among them all †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢FRATERNITY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HER EBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Demand for Fundamental Rights in India During the 19th century a demand for civil rights in India took deep root. The Indians were subjects and not citizens under British rule. Before 1947 India did not have national liberty, and the individual, therefore, could never imagine to have individual freedom with the complete set of guaranteed fundamental rights. As early in 1895, under the inspiration of Bal Gangadar Thilak, a swaraj bill was prepared and this thought in terms of a constitution guaranteeing fundamental rights. In 1928, the Nehru Report spoke of the need to have fundamental rights in the future constitution of India. In 1933, the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution in favor of fundamental rights. But the British government did not accept the demand of the Indians to incorporate a list of fundamental rights in the constitutions introduced in India. Fundamental Rights: A Preface The F undamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians, and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens’ rights from encroachment by society. Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978.

Organizational communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Organizational communication - Research Paper Example Some are of the opinion that it is not as simple as the definition suggest where several multidimensional psychological responses to an individual’s job are involved. Other scholars have noted that measures of employee’s job satisfaction varies in the extent to which feelings concerning job satisfaction are measured (Goodyear Roger et al 1996). Conflict management, on the other hand, conflict management within an organization is a process where the negative aspects are limited while enhancing the positive aspects of the organization. The primary aim of managing conflict within the organization is to improve learning and group performance in the organization. A properly managed conflict enhances group outcomes. As far as communication within Waco Police Department is concerned, communication plays a critical role in the organization since the managers can execute the basic functions of management, i.e. planning, organizing, controlling and leading. Communication assist m anagers to carry out their duties and responsibilities. Communication acts as pillar for planning. All the crucial information have to be communicated to the managers who in turn should communicate the plans so as to implement them. Organizing needs effective communication with others pertaining their jobs. Career development offers opportunities that can mutually benefit both the employees and employers. According to Van, (2000), eemployees who participate in job training, continuing education, and other professional development can acquire and refine new set of skills hence leading to career advancement. In addition, more educated workforce leads to various advantages to the employer. Creating a well-rounded workforce by preparing them to handle the tasks successfully in their roles helps the organization to be more efficient and effective. For instance, cross-training of

Project Appraisal is Not an Exact Science. Critically Discuss Various Essay

Project Appraisal is Not an Exact Science. Critically Discuss Various Project Appraisal Techniques - Essay Example klist Model 7 Multi weighted scoring Models 8 Limitation of Multi weighted scoring Models 9 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction Project assessment is the combination of both the project evaluation and appraisal. Project appraisal concerns itself with advance assessment to determine whether the project is worth the investment channeled to it (Siriwardena 2011, p.205). After a company has carried out cost benefit analysis of a project, then it is in a position to decide on whether the project is to be implemented or rejected. Researchers have not yet identified the best techniques for project worth estimation. However, project appraisal techniques can help in deciding whether to accept or reject a project. The techniques can be broadly classified into three. The categories are such as, discounted, non-discounted and non-financial techniques. ... Over decades, NPV criticism has been based on its failure in considering the option of the managerial team of abandoning or extending a project. Thus, the NPV technique undermines the cash flow of a project true NPV (Pinches 1994, Van horne 1995). Through investment and financial interaction, decisions have been made by various expertises and NPV method has been adjusted. In that case, the new NPV equals to the NPV sum to equity and financial impacts present value (Myers 1974, Luehrman 1997). The major reason why net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) provides recommendations that are conflicting is as a result of inherent reinvestment hypothesis based on NPV and IRR (Solomon 1956, Rensaw 1957). On the contrary, it is argued that, in IRR or NPV methodology, there exists no reinvestment rate implicit assumption (Dudley 1972, Biedleman 1984). Nevertheless, the authors write that, it is significant to come up with reinvestment rate explicit assumption when choosing be tween two or more competing projects. In recent years, a net present value generalized formula has been developed (Beaves 1998, 2003). The new formula accounts explicitly for projects reinvestment cash flows. In addition to that, rate of return is overall considered. However, the new formula is based on the assumption that, cash flows (net) experienced after null time get financed positively by inflows of cash flows (net). The inflow should occur subsequently to cash outflows time zero but before cash outflow next period. In summary, total initial outlay of a project largely depends on outlay net cash expected regardless the financing source. Net present value is considered more superior than internal rate of return (IRR). NPV utilizes reinvestment rate

Will a global society and economy still need a dominant, Essay

Will a global society and economy still need a dominant, professionally-run global press Describe what it would look like or what would replace it. Consider what its role and influence would be - Essay Example Due to technological revolution, there has been a fast development of the digital communication through the global press (Flew, 2007). For capitalists, they argue that the human races is entering the golden age where all that people would need to do is to sit back and let the markets and technology do the shopping for them. This is because the global press industry is changing quite fast and hence a demand for instant coverage and the need to decrease the budgets with the sole objective of releasing ethical news. With all eyes on globalization, change in technology and ethical transmission of news with emphasis on deadline ethics, professionally run global media will change how individuals think with the contemporary society (Flew, 2007). Whereas previously the media system were primarily remote, in the past few years we have witnessed the growth of the professionally run global press with two distinct but related facets. This is because professionally run global press is cutting across the world by facilitating faster cross cutting of the world through technology. This is to aid the firms in the global economy to capitalize on the potential of growth abroad without being impacted by flurry competitors given that the local economies already is saturated with incremental expansion. The other facet is that the consolidations and convergence all depend about the day given that some of the global media houses are increasingly becoming concentrated. This is because the major players in the media industry are majorly branches of the global media conglomerates due to the onset of mergers and acquisitions (SHERMAN, (2002, October 2). It is a fact that the global American media leaves many gaps to be desired whether you want news about the media, the war on terrorism, global trade or simply general information and the understanding of the majority of the world’s population who are non-Americans. This has made the reporting of news difficult due to the

Movie Review on E.T. (The Extra-Terrestrial) essay Lab Report

Movie Review on E.T. (The Extra-Terrestrial) essay - Lab Report Example For those who believe aliens did crash land in America, there seems no doubt that they were visiting our planet with a purpose. This film seems to suggest the possibility that these otherworldly visitors are merely curious to learn more about the life-forms on this planet. The film opens with the landing which is more frightening for the aliens than the humans, who seem to have been expecting them. In the chaos, one young alien becomes separated from his brothers and finds himself seeking shelter from a small family on the outskirts of town. A young boy, Elliot, finds the creature, who he begins to call ET (for extra terrestrial) and lures him into his room as a safe spot using Reese’s Pieces candy. Hiding the creature from his mother, Elliot finds it necessary to eventually include his younger sister, Gertie, and his older brother, Michael, in trying to help the lonely alien return to his ‘home’, the spaceship that brought him. This is made difficult by a mother becoming increasingly concerned about what her children are doing, the friction that has developed in the family thanks to a recent separation between the mother and father and the deadly effects of a poisonous atmosphere on ETs delicate body. In addition, as time passes, a symbiotic relationship begins to develop between ET and Elliot (notice the similarities in their names) so when ET gets drunk, so does Elliot. This means when ET begins to die thanks to the atmosphere, so does Elliot. Finally, an invasion from the government, determined to run tests on the creature, brings the situation to a head as ET dies, releasing Elliot and his body is packed up for shipping to a more secure laboratory location. The isolation unit he’s placed in provides ET with the purified air he needs to heal himself, though, and the three kids, now a cohesive unit, work together to break ET out of the

Women suffrage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women suffrage - Essay Example In the capacity of the mainstream organization of the movement, NAWSA helped women obtain voting rights by waging state-by-state campaigns. Women that played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement included but were not limited to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. Under their leadership, the suffragists lobbied Congress to make amendment to the constitution so that women could be enfranchised. Susan B. Anthony wrote the federal woman suffrage amendment. Congress introduced the federal woman suffrage amendment in 1878. In 1919, the Senate and the House of Representatives passed the federal woman suffrage amendment, which was then forwarded for ratification to the states. As a result of the women’s suffrage movement, â€Å"Nineteenth Amendment gives women the vote† in 1920 (Henretta, 2009). In the same year, the Womens Bureau of the Department of Labor was established for the safeguard of working

Law Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law Case Study Analysis - Essay Example The term "expression" can be defined as the different forms such as newspaper, email, letter, fax, and conduct; till the communication is based on the mode of communication for which the offeror is ready to contract. The term "intention" is defined objectively by different judges of the courts. In the case of Smith v. Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 lays an emphasis on the fact that the important thing in any offer is not the real intentions of the parties involved but instead important thing is the reasonable view of the person regarding the situation. Revocation of offer An offer can be revoked by the offeror prior to the acceptance of the offer; but this must be communicated to the offeree. But it is not necessary that the offeror needs to communicate the revocation. In case the offer was made by the offeror to the whole world, the offeror need to revoke the offer in a similar form. This was evident in the legal precedent of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 Court of Appe al. But, in case the offer has been turned into an option, then the offer cannot be revoked by the offeror. In case the offer is in the form of an unilateral offer, the contract can be revoked by the offeror any time. ... But even in this case, the acceptance must be communicated. The offer can be withdrawn, prior to the acceptance of the offer. v The offer can be solely accepted by the offeree only, i.e.the party which receives the offer offer was made. v In case the offer is accepted by someone else in the family or business on the behalf of the offeree without his/her authorization, then the offer cannot be considered as binding v Silence on an offer cannot be considered as an acceptance of the offer. This is evident in the legal precedent of Felthouse v. Bindley (1862) 142 ER 1037. Counter-offer and correspondence The "mirror image rule" within the law of offer and acceptance, the offer needs to be accepted by the offeror or offeree without any modifications. If there are any changes which are done in any way to the offer, then the counter-offer with changes kills the original offer and the latter cannot be accepted by any of the parties in future. This is evident in the legal precedent of Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334. The Case Presented Tom chooses to put up for sale his car by parking it outside his residence with a note on the windscreen mentioning: "For auction, exceptionally excellent state, single owner complete service history, complete MOT, ?5,000 or nearby offer. Please get in touch number 37 or telephone 9911929 only." On Tuesday morning around 9.00am, Dick sees the car, but as he is behind schedule for work he is incapable to stop and call Tom at 10.00am and makes an propose of ?4,750 which Tom says he will think about. Harry was crossing through Tom's house on Tuesday morning around 11.00am, saw the car and called at the residence but Tom was not